Archive for month: February, 2018

Study Guide for the Article Critique

Reminders:

· Before opening the critique questions

· As indicated by your teacher, use the guidelines in Chapter 14 of the text as well as information that has been discussed throughout the course to analyze the article.

· The checklist on pg. 365 of the text may help guide you for the critique.

o Exhibit 14-1 Outline for Critiquing Epidemiologic Studies

· Once you have read the article and are able to articulate answers in your mind for the questions provided on pg. 365 then you may open up

· You will randomly receive 15 questions about the article to answer. These are short-answered questions and are presented in a “test” format.

o Please make sure your responses meet academic writing standards.

o Responses do not need citations or references

o Each question is worth 5 points

o Partial credit is possible

· You are being given 2 hours to complete the questions and submit them to Blackboard. Please note that once you have opened the critique, the 2-hour time window starts and does not stop. Please be mindful of this and ensure that you are prepared and have time available to complete the critique before opening it.

· Questions that are answered after the 2-hour time window will not be graded.

· It is a relatively short research article to read so please do not feel overwhelmed

Questions may include the following:

· Ethical concerns

· Effect modifiers

· Strength of association

· Information bias

· Inclusion criteria

· Exclusion criteria

· Data collection methods

· Statistical test used

· Selection bias

· Statistical significance

· Future implications

· Social change implications

· Research question being asked

· Outcome of interest

· Study limitations

· Study designs

· Representation of the population

Tips for Success:

· It is important to note that research articles are comprised of the following sections:

o Title

o Abstract

o Introduction

o Materials and Methods

o Results

o Conclusions/Discussion

o Bibliography

· Typically, each section you are able to find particular information pertaining to the research question, study design, population, etc.:

o Abstract:

§ Here you would find a short summary of the entire paper. It should include goals and objectives, results, and conclusions. This is usually the last part of the paper to be written.

o Introduction:

§ It provides background on the topic, review of the literature, focus and purpose of the paper, overview of what is contained in the paper, outcome of interest, and the research question being asked.

o Methods:

§ This section describes what the researcher did and how the researcher did it. Within the methods you will be able to determine the population, where they gathered the participants of the study, data collection methods: interview, questionnaire, focus group, etc., statistical tests used, and study design used.

§ In this section you may also be able to gauge selection bias, information bias, inclusion/exclusion criteria, ethical concerns, and the effect modifier.

o Results:

§ This section simply provides the results from the statistical analysis (not an interpretation of the results). This may be displayed through graphs or tables. It will indicate whether the results are considered statistically significant or not.

o Discussion/Conclusion:

§ The discussion goes over what the results mean and why the results may have ended up as they have. The researcher is able to discuss take home messages, interesting observations, future implications, social change implications, what worked, and what did not work.

In this portion, the reader may be able to gauge bias or ethical concerns that the researcher may have noted

Prepare this assignment as a 1,500-1,750 word paper using the instructor feedback from the Topic 1, 2, and 3 assignments and the guidelines below.

PICOT Statement

Revise the PICOT statement you wrote in the Topic 1 assignment.

Research Critiques

In the Topic 2 and Topic 3 assignments you completed a qualitative and quantitative research critique. Use the feedback you received from your instructor on these assignments to finalize the critical analysis of the study by making appropriate revisions.

The completed analysis should connect to your identified practice problem of interest that is the basis for your PICOT statement.

Refer to “Research Critique Guidelines.” Questions under each heading should be addressed as a narrative in the structure of a formal paper.

Proposed Evidence-Based Practice Change

Discuss the link between the PICOT statement, the research articles, and the nursing practice problem you identified. Include relevant details and supporting explanation and use that information to propose evidence-based practice changes.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide,

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.

Research Critiques and PICOT Statement

Rubric for week 5.

A nursing practice problem is not clearly described and/or a PICOT statement is not included.

PICOT statement describes a nursing practice problem but lacks reliable sources.

PICOT statement describes a nursing practice problem and includes a few reliable sources.

PICOT statement articulates a nursing practice problem using supporting information from reliable sources.

PICOT statement clearly articulates a nursing practice problem using substantial supporting information from numerous reliable sources.

5.0 %Background of Study

Background of study including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions is incomplete.

Background of study including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions is included but lacks relevant details and explanation.

Background of study including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation.

Background of study including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions is complete and includes relevant details and explanation.

Background of study including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation.

5.0 %Method of Study

Discussion of method of study including discussion of conceptual/theoretical framework is incomplete.

Discussion of method of study including discussion of conceptual/theoretical framework is included but lacks relevant details and explanation.

Discussion of method of study including discussion of conceptual/theoretical framework is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation.

Discussion of method of study including discussion of conceptual/theoretical framework is complete and includes relevant details and explanation.

Discussion of method of study including discussion of conceptual/theoretical framework is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation.

5.0 %Results of Study

Discussion of study results including findings and implications for nursing practice is incomplete.

Discussion of study results including findings and implications for nursing practice is included but lacks relevant details and explanation.

Discussion of study results including findings and implications for nursing practice is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation.

Discussion of study results including findings and implications for nursing practice is complete and includes relevant details and explanation.

Discussion of study results including findings and implications for nursing practice is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation.

5.0 %Ethical Considerations

Discussion of ethical considerations associated with the conduct of nursing research is incomplete.

Discussion of ethical considerations associated with the conduct of nursing research is included but lacks relevant details and explanation.

Discussion of ethical considerations associated with the conduct of nursing research is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation.

Discussion of ethical considerations associated with the conduct of nursing research is complete and includes relevant details and explanation.

Discussion of ethical considerations associated with the conduct of nursing research is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation.

5.0 %Conclusion

Conclusion does not summarize a critical appraisal and applicability of findings.

Conclusion is vague and does not discuss importance to nursing.

Conclusion summarizes utility of the research and importance to nursing practice.

Conclusion summarizes utility of the research from the critical appraisal and the findings importance to nursing practice.

Conclusion summarizes utility of the research from the critical appraisal, knowledge learned, and the importance of the findings to nursing practice.

10.0 %Evidence of Revision

Final paper does not demonstrate incorporation of feedback or evidence of revision on research critiques.

Incorporation of research critique feedback or evidence of revision is incomplete.

Incorporation of research critique feedback and evidence of revision are present.

Evidence of incorporation of research critique feedback and revision is clearly provided.

Evidence of incorporation of research critique feedback and revision is comprehensive and thoroughly developed.

10.0 %PICOT Statement, Research Article, and Nursing Practice Problem Link (C. 2.2)

Discussion of the link between the PICOT statement, research articles, and nursing practice problem is not included.

Discussion of the link between the PICOT statement, research articles, and nursing practice problem is incomplete or incorrect.

Discussion of the link between the PICOT statement, research articles, and nursing practice problem is included but lacks relevant details and supporting explanation.

Discussion of the link between the PICOT statement, research articles, and nursing practice problem is complete and includes relevant details and supporting explanation.

Discussion of the link between the PICOT statement, research articles, and nursing practice problem is extremely thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive supporting explanation.

10.0 %Proposed Evidence-Based Practice Change (C. 3.2)

The proposed evidence-based practice change is not included.

The proposed evidence-based practice change is incomplete or incorrect.

Discussion of the link between the PICOT statement, research articles, and nursing practice problem is included but lacks relevant details and supporting explanation. The proposed evidence-based practice change is included but lacks supporting explanation and relevant details.

The proposed evidence-based practice change is complete and includes supporting explanation and relevant details.

The proposed evidence-based practice change is extremely thorough and includes substantial supporting explanation and numerous relevant details.

30.0 %Organization and Effectiveness

10.0 %Thesis Development and Purpose

Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.

Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear.

Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose.

Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.

Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

10.0 %Argument Logic and Construction

Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources.

Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility.

Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis.

Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative.

Argument is clear and convincing and presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.

10.0 %Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)

Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used.

Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, or word choice are present.

Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used.

Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used.

Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

10.0 %Format

5.0 %Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.

Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.

Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.

Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style.

All format elements are correct.

5.0 %Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)

Sources are not documented.

Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.

Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present.

Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct.

Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.

Assignment 1: Business Profit Maximization

· Research the term, Theory of the Firm, and post a scholarly definition.

Include a clear explanation of the following concepts as part of your discussion and provide an example of how each is calculated:

· marginal cost

· marginal revenue

· profit maximization goal

· marginal profit

Directions to student: The final paragraph (three or four sentences) of your initial post should summarize the one or two key points that you are making in your initial response. You will be writing three or more discussion posts per week.

Your main post must be two to three substantive paragraphs 150-200 total words and include at least two APA-formatted citations/references.

Assignment 2: Supply, Demand and Market Equilibrium Analysis

· Watch the following video and respond to the following bullets:

· https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/supply-demand-equilibrium/market-equilibrium-tutorial/v/market-equilibrium (10:16)

1. Discuss the factors affecting the demand side of the market. Distinguish between change in demand and change in quantity demanded and explain what factors would cause each change.

1. Discuss the factors affecting the supply side of the market. Distinguish between change in supply and change in quantity supplied and explain what factors would cause each change. Explain how market equilibrium is achieved and how shortages and surpluses bring about changes in price and quantity.

Directions to student: The final paragraph (three or four sentences) of your initial post should summarize the one or two key points that you are making in your initial response. You will be writing three or more discussion posts per week.

Your main post must be two to three substantive paragraphs 150-200 total words and include at least two APA-formatted citations/references. Please follow up with two subsequent replies to colleagues

1. How does your state (Florida, USA) differ from other states related to vaccination requirements? Have there been any recent changes in vaccination requirements? How do students feel about the possibility of including the HPV vaccine as a requirement for school? What are the pros and cons?

2. What has led to the increase in MRSA transmission in the community (MIAMI)? What are some of the challenges in addressing this problem in the community? How is it often identified and how can it be passed in communities?

3. Based on what you saw in the YouTube presentation

Do you think that PrEP/Truvada it is effective in preventing HIV/AIDS?

Present your assignment in an APA format word document Arial 12 font attached to the forum in the discussion board tittle “week 5 discussion questions”. Assignment must contained at least two evidence based references no older than 5 years. Minimum of 300 words.

Milestone 2 Health Paper

You will also implement your performance improvement initiative and discuss what success of the performance improvement plan will look like after implementation. As this is a scholarly initiative, this assignment must adhere to all APA requirements and formatting, and include peer-reviewed and evidence-based sources to support any and all claims. As you develop this final part of the assignment, consider the following prompts to formulate your paper. TOPIC is Medication Errors

Reference part 1 of this paper to assist:

You will write paper on the below parts III and IV. Be sure to see reference paper for parts I and II.

III. Performance Improvement Initiative

A. Propose an initiative that will address this problem within the department of your chosen healthcare organization. What specific relevant quality standard will this quality initiative address?

B. Discuss the data determinants of success, as related to this initiative. In other words, what type of data will be indicative of a quality outcome?

IV. Implementation of the Plan in the Organization

A. What interdepartmental communication channels will be used for plan implementation?

B. What manner of data interpretation will be used to communicate the findings within the organization?

C. If this initiative was implemented, what do you believe would be the hypothetical effect(s) on patient care outcomes? How will health information systems support those improvements in patient care?

D. What do you think the hypothetical effect of the quality or performance initiative will be on the culture of safety within the organization?

Guidelines for Submission: Submit assignment as a Word document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins. Two pages long and the reference page

Milestone 1

Medication Errors.docx

Running Head: PATIENT MEDICATION ERRORS

PATIENT MEDICATION ERRORS

Patient Medication Errors

Milestone 1

Introduction

In any medical facility, the medication of patients is among the most important things. Making sure that patients get the right medication is essential as wrong medication can have very adverse long-term effects on the patients’ health. However, there are times when the errors occur during the process of administering medication to the patients. When providing health care services to the patients, their safety should be a top priority for any health care facility management team. However, in the past, there have been some errors which have been occurring during the provision of the healthcare services.

Organizational Problem

Medication Errors and the Costs

In the United States and other countries, medication errors are a very big concern. It is a challenge facing a lot of medical facilities all over the world. Dealing with it is very important as it helps to save the patients as well as reducing the cost coming up due to the errors committed during the process of administering medication.

Barker, Flynn, Pepper, Bates & Mikeal, (2002), State that medication errors are common. Statistics show that the rate in hospitals and other skilled nursing facilities, the rate is almost 20%. This is way above the minimum harmful rate of about 7%.

Medication errors have been a major challenge all over the world. Many stakeholders in the healthcare sector have been collaborating to come up with means of reducing the risks of these errors during the provision of medical services to the patients. It is important to note that the cost of these errors is exceptionally high. According to Donaldson, Kelley, Dhingra-Kumar, Kieny, & Sheikh (2017), the cost of medication errors is over $40 billion. According to the same article, an estimated $3.5 billion is lost every year, which is aimed at treating hospitalized patients.

To continue improving the patients’ safety, there is the need to make sure that all stakeholders including the regulatory bodies are involved to minimize the cases of avoidable harm to the patients. Addressing the challenges is at the heart of the health ministers. Reducing the medication errors will not only be important in saving cost but also in reducing the cases of harm and deaths caused by the errors.

Organizational Challenges

Among the major organizational challenges being faced by medical facilities due to medication errors include budgeting. With the soaring global costs due to these errors, budgeting is a big challenge. Globally, the cost of these errors is about $42 billion according to Donaldson et al. (2017). Also, there are increased interdepartmental conflicts as the medication errors, and wrong decision-making by a single department in the health facility affects all other departments. Communication also becomes a very big challenge.

Evidence-Based Support

Data Supporting the Existence of the Problem

There is a lot of data suggesting the existence of the patient medication errors. For example, the data of the cost incurred by the stakeholders in the healthcare facilities worldwide. As Donaldson (2017) puts it, the medication errors cost organizations over 42 billion dollars every single year. Also, according to Wahr & Merry (2017), in the operating room, the risk of errors in medication is estimated to be 1 in every 20 people. Additionally, according to Leape and associates, there is about 56 percent of errors caused by prescription and 44 percent as a result of administration.

Addressing the Problem in the Past

Numerous stakeholders have come together to try solving the issue. World Health Organization formed partnerships with other stakeholders in the healthcare sector including the World Alliance for Patient Safety, to help reduce the errors. These have been working on coming up with global patient challenges. Also, they aim at making sure that the patients get clean and quality health care, which is safer. In collaboration with health ministers worldwide, these individuals work towards ensuring that the patients can get the best quality healthcare while maintaining high levels of patient safety (Donaldson, Kelley, Dhingra-Kumar, Kieny, & Sheikh, 2017).

Relevant Accreditation Standards, Safety Standards, Compliance Standards, and Quality Initiatives

The safety of patients is very important, and numerous standards have been put in place to ensure that the safety is promoted. For example, Failure Mode, Effect, and Criticality Analysis also referred to as FMECA, is a standard used to enhance patients’ safety (Montesi & Lechi, 2009). Regulations set by organizations such as Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are important and should be complied with during the administration of any medication to patients.

References

Barker, K. N., Flynn, E. A., Pepper, G. A., Bates, D. W., & Mikeal, R. L. (2002). Medication errors observed in 36 healthcare facilities. Archives of internal medicine, 162(16), 1897-1903.

Donaldson, L. J., Kelley, E. T., Dhingra-Kumar, N., Kieny, M. P., & Sheikh, A. (2017). Medication Without Harm: WHO’s Third Global Patient Safety Challenge. The Lancet, 389(10080), 1680-1681.

Montesi, G., & Lechi, A. (2009). Prevention of medication errors: detection and audit. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 67(6), 651-655.

Wahr, J. A., & Merry, A. F. (2017). Medication Errors in the Perioperative Setting. Current Anesthesiology Reports, 7(3), 320-329.