Archive for month: June, 2018

Using the regression results and the other computations from Assignment 1, determine the market structure in which the low-calorie frozen, microwavable food company operates.

Use the Internet to research two (2) of the leading competitors in the low-calorie frozen, microwavable food industry, and take note of their pricing strategies, profitability, and their relationships within the industry (worldwide).

Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you:

Outline a plan that will assess the effectiveness of the market structure for the company’s operations. Note: In Assignment 1, the assumption was that the market structure [or selling environment] was perfectly competitive and that the equilibrium price was to be determined by setting QD equal to QS. You are now aware of recent changes in the selling environment that suggest an imperfectly competitive market where your firm now has substantial market power in setting its own “optimal” price.
Given that business operations have changed from the market structure specified in the original scenario in Assignment 1, determine two (2) likely factors that might have caused the change. Predict the primary manner in which this change would likely impact business operations in the new market environment.
Analyze the major short run and long cost functions for the low-calorie, frozen microwaveable food company given the cost functions below. Suggest substantive ways in which the low-calorie food company may use this information in order to make decisions in both the short-run and the long-run.
TC = 160,000,000 + 100Q + 0.0063212Q2
VC = 100Q + 0.0063212Q2
MC= 100 + 0.0126424Q

Determine the possible circumstances under which the company should discontinue operations. Suggest key actions that management should take in order to confront these circumstances. Provide a rationale for your response. (Hint: Your firm’s price must cover average variable costs in the short run and average total costs in the long run to continue operations.)
Suggest one (1) pricing policy that will enable your low-calorie, frozen microwavable food company to maximize profits. Provide a rationale for your suggestion.
(Hints:

In Assignment 1, you determined your firm’s market demand equation. Now you need to find the inverse demand equation. Having found that, find the Total Revenue function for your firm (TR is P x Q). From your firm’s Total Revenue function, then find your Marginal Revenue (MR) function.
Use the profit maximization rule MR = MC to determine your optimal price and optimal output level now that you have market power. Compare these values with the values you generated in Assignment 1. Determine whether your price higher is or lower.)
Outline a plan, based on the information provided in the scenario, which the company could use in order to evaluate its financial performance. Consider all the key drivers of performance, such as company profit or loss for both the short term and long term, and the fundamental manner in which each factor influences managerial decisions.
(Hints:

Calculate profit in the short run by using the price and output levels you generated in part 5. Optional: You may want to compare this to what profit would have been in Assignment 1 using the cost function provided here.
Calculate profit in the long run by using the output level you generated in part 5 and cost data in part 3 and assuming that the selling environment will likely be very competitive. Determine why this would be a valid assumption.)
Recommend two (2) actions that the company could take in order to improve its profitability and deliver more value to its stakeholders. Outline, in brief, a plan to implement your recommendations.
Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia does not qualify as an academic resource.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

Analyze short-run and long-run production and cost functions.
Apply macroeconomic concepts to changes in global and national economies and how they affect economic growth, inflation, interest rates, and wage rates.
Evaluate the profit-maximizing price and output level for given operating costs for monopolies and firms in competitive industries.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in managerial economics and globalization.
Write clearly and concisely about managerial economics and globalization using proper writing mechanics.

EXSC 3760: BIOMECHANICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT ASSIGNMENT #3
15 PTS.

Due: Thursday, Feb. 9, 2017
Word process your responses and include an APA style cover page, running head, page #s, and reference page.

Select ONE of the following sports skills:

 basketball free-throw

 vertical jump

 volleyball set

For the sport skill you selected, use at least 2 sources, and compose a paper to include the following:

 50-75 word introduction – briefly describe the background of the skill; how it’s used in sport (3 pts.)

 description of phases (describe key body positions or angles, critical features) (4 pts.)

 photos showing the phases (you may obtain these from the internet); be sure photos are

from the proper angle(s) (2 pts.)

 description of how the 3 factors that affect projectile motion impact the skill (3 pts.)

 glossary of 6 kinematics (mix of linear and angular) terms used in your paper (3 pts.)

o define any terms or variables; be sure to identify them as linear or angular kinematics terms

o bold the 6 terms within the text

o the glossary is last

IB Internal Assessment Guide

1. Your overall IB mark (the one sent to universities after the IB test) in any IB science course is based upon two kinds of assessments or grades:

· External Assessment: Your score on end-of-course exam (76% of total IB mark)

· Internal Assessment: Your performance on in class laboratory work (24% of total IB mark)

2. Internal Assessment is a collection of work completed by the student during the course of the IB class. Each candidate must keep all investigations carried out and summarize them on form 4/PSOW (Group 4 — Experimental Science, Practical Scheme of Work). HL students are required to demonstrate 60 hours of laboratory/field investigations over the two years of the course. SL students are required to demonstrate 40 hours over 1 year.

3. Your laboratory work and report write-ups will be assessed (that means ‘graded’) using very strict IB criteria. All IB science teachers world-wide must use the same criteria and apply them in the same way—quite a challenge!! To ensure that everyone is following the rules and applying the criteria correctly, schools must send samples of graded student lab reports to IB for monitoring. If a teacher is being too hard or too soft, that teacher’s marks which were awarded to students will be adjusted accordingly.

4. All IB lab reports are graded using up to five IB Internal Assessment Criteria. They are:

· Design (D)

· Data Collection and Processing (DCP)

· Conclusion & Evaluation (CE)

· Manipulative Skills (MS)

· Personal Skills (PS)

5. Each of these criteria is further divided into three parts called ‘Aspects’. When I grade your lab report, I will determine whether you met each aspect completely, partially, or not at all (c, p or n). This will then determine what total mark you earn on that section of your lab report. You can earn up to 6 points for each section—a “complete” is worth 2 points, a “partial” is worth 1 point, and a “not at all” is worth 0 points toward that total score. I will maintain careful records of the experiments we do and what marks each student achieved. Additionally, you will maintain all your graded lab work in a 3-ring binder.

6. Wow, this looks like an awful lot of work for lab reports! But you must keep in mind some very important points:

· You will not have to write a full lab report (using all the criteria) for every lab!! In fact, most of the labs we do will focus on only one or two of the criteria, so you will only write up these parts. Only a few labs will assess each of the first three criteria.

· Your overall mark (0-6) in each criterion is not an average of all your labs. Instead, it is a summary mark that reflects your level of achievement by the end of the course. So don’t worry if you get some low scores initially. They won’t count against you in your IB internal assessment grade as long as you steadily improve. There is plenty of time to learn and improve as the course goes on!

7. In addition to this very strict and formal IB Internal Assessment for laboratory work, your work must also be graded for your regular course grade. So you can expect to receive a second score on each lab report for this grade. I will inform you how many points each lab will be worth toward your regular course grade, along with tests, quizzes, homework, etc.

8. The following pages show you in more detail what is contained and expected in each section of the lab report, and what you are required to do against each of the first three criteria. Our class will discuss these frequently as the course goes on.

IB Internal Assessment Criteria and Aspects

Design

Design

ASPECTS

Levels/Marks

Defining the problem and selecting variables

Controlling variables

Developing a method for collection of data

Complete/2

Formulates a focused problem/research question and identifies the relevant variables.

Designs a method for the effective control of the variables.

Develops a method that allows for the collection of sufficient relevant data.

Partial/1

Formulates a problem/research question that is incomplete or identifies only some relevant variables

Designs a method that makes some attempt to control the variables.

Develops a method that allows for the collection of insufficient relevant data.

Not at all/0

Does not identify a problem/research question and does not identify any relevant variables.

Designs a method that does not control the variables.

Develops a method that does not allow for any relevant data to be collected

Research Question/Problem
This is a single sentence which clearly and specifically states the objective of your investigation. For a Design lab, the teacher cannot give you detailed information and guidance. Instead, you’ll be given a general, open-ended problem such as “Investigate the factors that affect X”. You must do some thinking to recognize the nature of the problem that has been set, the factors (variables) that will affect the outcome, and how they affect it (the hypothesis). So if a general question has been posed, make it more specific and relevant to your individual experiment.

Your research question must clearly identify the manipulated and responding variables for your experiment.

Hypothesis(es)

A hypothesis is like a prediction. It will often take the form of a proposed relationship between two or more variables that can be tested by experiment: “If X is done, then Y will occur.” (Examples: “The rate of transpiration will increase as wind speeds and temperatures rise” or “Brand X toothpaste will be more effective in preventing the growth of the bacteria which causes plaque on your teeth”).

You must also provide an explanation for your hypothesis. This should be a brief discussion (paragraph form) about the theory or ‘why’ behind your hypothesis and prediction. For example, why should raising the air temperature cause an increase in the speed of sound? Why do you think a more massive object going to accelerate faster than a less massive object? Note: there is no exact place in the Design criterion that addresses the hypothesis, but you WILL BE EXPECTED TO HAVE A COMPLETE ONE for any design lab in order to receive full credit for your class grade.

Be sure your hypothesis is related directly to your research question and that the manipulated and responding variables for your experiment are clearly written into your hypothesis.

Variables

All reasonable variables that might affect the outcome should be identified. State variables explicitly, and explain why each is relevant. Indicate which variable(s) is/are manipulated variables (ones that you will change) and which are the responding variables (ones that will respond to what you did). Indicate which variables must be controlled (kept consistent) and why those variables must be controlled.
Controlling Variables

Aspect two refers to controlling variables, but this does not only refer to the actual controlled variable(s) for your experiment. You must indicate how you plan to maintain the consistency of your manipulated and responding variables as well.
You will have one manipulated variable and one responding variable. You must describe how you will be measuring each of those variables, and what you plan to do in order to minimize the systematic and random errors in those measurements. You will also be describing, for each variable you indicate is controlled, how you intend to keep that variable consistent.

For example:

Problem: “What effect does the launch angle of a tennis ball have on the maximum horizontal displacement it will land away from the launch position?”

(Hypothesis would go next, but I’m not going to write a sample here ()

Manipulated Variable: Launch Angle

The launch angle will be measured with the protractor that is located directly on the marble launcher. The angle will always be measured to the nearest 0.5° by looking at where the tip of the point on the back end of the launch barrel is pointing to the protractor.

Responding Variable: Horizontal Displacement

A line of masking tape will be placed on the floor in order to mark the initial position of the marble launcher. The front of the marble launcher will always be placed so that it just touches the tape. A test marble will be launched and, and one lab partner will be positioned to locate the general landing area of the marble. Carbon Paper will be placed under a piece of computer paper and both will be taped to the floor in the location indicated by the first launch. After all launch trials are complete, a metric measuring tape will be used to measure the displacement from the initial launching position; the 0.00 m mark on the tape will always be placed at the base of the marble launcher, and the position of each mark on the carbon paper will always be measured to its center.

Controlled Variables: Launch Velocity; Environmental Conditions; Vertical Displacement

The launch velocity will be controlled by always using the same spring setting on the marble launcher and by always releasing the spring mechanism in the same manner so that no extra force is given that will alter the initial velocity of the marble. The environmental conditions will be controlled by doing all trials inside and in the same hallway so there is no wind to alter the trajectory of the marble. The air temperature will remain as constant as possible throughout the lab as well, which should help maintain consistency in the amount of air resistance the marble encounters. The vertical displacement will remain constant because both the marble launcher and the floor will remain level throughout the experiment. The launcher is designed to launch the marble from a pivot point that remains at a constant position regardless of launch angle.

WOW—that seems like a lot of work! Well, maybe, but it’s worth it. By thinking through all the factors that can affect your variables and by writing out how you will control those factors, you will be helping yourself (by being certain you have a good method!), and you will be helping anyone who is reading your lab report! You won’t necessarily need to write quite as I much as I did in the example, but you get an idea of the format. (

Developing a method for collection of data

Aspect three is essentially for the actual procedure itself. You will need to include the following:

Apparatus and Materials

Consider making a list of your experiment and materials needed. Be as specific as possible. (Example: “50 mL beaker instead of ‘beaker’, type of lens with focal length, BRAND of equipment (manufacturer)). Include quantities of materials as specifically as you can. If it is a measuring tool, you must include the precision of that tool.

A diagram of how you set up the experiment may be appropriate, especially for more complicated experiments. Be sure your diagram follows the rules for lab drawings (i.e. have clear labels, make the diagram large enough to see and understand, etc.). You are not required to make a diagram, but if it will help clarify any part of your procedure, it is a very good idea.

Safety

List any safety precautions that must be taken during the lab.

· “Wear safety goggles throughout experiment.”

· “Avoid breathing vapors of automobile exhaust.”

· “Avoid touching a vibrating tuning fork to the glass resonance tube.”

Method/Procedure

State or discuss the method (procedure) that you are going to use (or that you did use) in the experiment. This should be in the form of a list of step-by-step directions. Provide enough detail so that another person could repeat your work by reading your report! (But you don’t have to go into detail about standard, well-understood actions such as “gather materials”)

If you do something in your procedure to minimize an anticipated error, mention this as well. (Example: “Carefully cutting plant stem under water to reduce affect of air on transpiration rate.”)

In your method, clearly state how you will collect data. What measuring device will you use? What data will you record? When? Or what qualitative observations will you look for (such as color change) and what will you do when you see this happen?

The procedure must allow collection of sufficient relevant quantitative data. This means that you should consider doing more than one trial where appropriate. A minimum of 5 trials per “position” or “setting” is advised; you should adjust your manipulated variable at least 5 times (5 “positions/settings”), but it is always appropriate to do as many “positions/settings” as possible. Most labs that are done in physics will require MORE than 5 positions/settings. You are also expected to space your positions out in an appropriate range for the lab that you are completing. For example, if you are changing the angle of a marble launcher, and the available angle settings are from 0.0° to 90.0°, your method should include taking data throughout most of this range (say from 5.0° to 85.0°). Collecting a lot of data, but limiting your range, will not likely show you a true pattern from which you can draw an appropriate conclusion.

Your procedure is strictly for the steps you must take to collect the raw data. Do Not include steps for analysis of that data. You do not need to include a step that clarifies “calculate the average time” or “calculate the kinetic energy of the marble” or “create a graph”. Although it IS likely you will do each of those steps, that is considered data analysis and, therefore, you will make those steps clear through your presentation of your raw and processed data.

IB Internal Assessment Criteria and Aspects

Data Collection and Processing

Data Collection and Processing

ASPECTS

Levels/Marks

Recording raw data

Processing raw data

Presenting processed data

Complete/2

Records appropriate quantitative and associated qualitative raw data, including units and uncertainties where relevant

Processes the quantitative raw data correctly.

Presents processed data appropriately and, where relevant, includes errors and uncertainties.

Partial/1

Records appropriate quantitative and associated qualitative raw data, but with some mistakes or omissions.

Processes quantitative raw data, but with some mistakes and/or omissions.

Presents processed data appropriately, but with some mistakes and/or omissions.

Not at all/0

Does not record any appropriate quantitative raw data or raw data is incomprehensible

No processing of quantitative raw data is carried out or major mistakes are made in processing.

Presents processed data inappropriately or incomprehensibly.

There are two aspects to Data Collection. You must collect and record raw data accurately. But equally important—you must present the raw data so the reader can easily interpret it. This means it must be organized and legible. The best way to collect and present data is by using data tables.

Give an identifying, specific title to each data table. Number tables consecutively through the report.

Qualitative observations are just as important as quantitative measurements! Make sure you take note of and record the physical characteristics of substances or solutions involved in the experiment, their changes, whether something is hot or cold, etc. Some researchers like to organize these qualitative observations in a separate data table – intermingling them with quantitative data is often confusing and hard to read.

A measurement without units is meaningless! If you show the units in a column heading of a data table, you do not have to write them again after each number in the table. Common ways of recording measurements in biology are: volume in liters, mass in grams, length in meters, and time in seconds. The following example shows different ways to express the same unit.

Initial velocity (centimeters per second)

Initial velocity (cm/s)

Initial velocity (cm s-1)

( note: this format is most appropriate

All measurements have uncertainties and you must indicate them in your data tables. This is best done by paying attention to significant digits, and by using the ‘plus-or-minus” (+/-) notation. Examples:

Mass of a penny on a centigram balance: 3.12g (+/- 0.01g)

Temperature using a typical lab thermometer: 25.5°C (+/- 0.5 °C)

For our purposes, the accuracy of a measurement device is one half of the smallest measurement possible with the device. So, for example, the rulers in class measure to the millimeter (0.1 cm). So, the ruler’s measurement uncertainty is +/- 0.05 cm. If you ask, I will assist you in determining the accuracy of the lab equipment we use. Just as for units, in a column of data you can show the uncertainty in the column heading and then you don’t have to keep re-writing if for every measurement in the table (unless for some reason it is different for various trials.

The integrity of raw data is important from a scientific standpoint and from an ethical standpoint! Raw data and observations will always be recorded in a bound laboratory notebook (your physics journal!).

Aspect 2: Processing Raw Data

This is the part of the report in which you take your raw data and transform it into results that answer (hopefully!) your research question. Here you will show the calculations that give you a numerical result. Or it may involve making a graph of some type to show a trend or a relationship. It might involve both of these. But just as in Data Collection, there are two important aspects: processing the data correctly, and also presenting the processed data effectively and legibly so the reader can clearly see the results.

In Physics labs, EXPECT TO GRAPH YOUR DATA!! If you cannot graph the data you are collecting, you either need to rethink your analysis, or you need to go back and collect different data. We should always be able to graph our data in order to assist us in making connections. Graphs also allow us to easily make note of the precision/accuracy of our results.

Calculations of Results

· You will often have to show calculations. Use plenty of room; make sure they are clear and legible. Show the units of measurements in all calculations.

· Pay attention to significant digits! Don’t lose accuracy by carelessly rounding off.

· Identical, repetitive calculations do not have to be repeated. Show one sample calculation (labeling it as such) and then you don’t have to repeat it for all the trials, but only show the results obtained.

· When calculating an average value from repeated trials, don’t average the raw data. Instead, calculate a result from each trial. Then average the results from each trial to get your final experimental average.

Presentation of Results

· There are many ways to present and display results. Tables and graphs are typically what will be used in physics. Your tables of processed data must be separate from your raw data tables, but created in the same format (title, table number, appropriate headings, units, etc.)

· You will be expected to complete your graphs using LoggerPro software. Each student will get a chance to check out a CD-ROM in order to install the program (from Vernier software) on your home computer, and the program is available on every computer in the school. It is located on the library server’s application folders for science.

· The axes of graphs must be clearly labeled with the variable and the units used. Additionally, each graph must have a descriptive title that specifically states what the graph depicts. (Examples: Time vs. Temperature; Length of mitosis stage (reported data) vs. Length of mitosis stage (student data); The effect of changing mass on specific heat capacity for copper; The rate of change in velocity for a car rolling down an incline.) “Statement” titles are more descriptive (and therefore better) than X vs. Y titles.

· Graphs must have a best-fit line with a slope, and after your graph you should write a statement explaining what the slope is telling you. If your graph is initially NON-linear, you must manipulate the values you put on the x and/or y axis in order to get a relationship that is visibly linear. Do NOT simply put a linear fit on your data if it is not obviously linear. (i.e. if you have a graph that very obviously is parabolic in shape, square the values you put on one of the axes—you’ll “force” your data to be linear). We’ll practice this in class…no worries! (

IB Internal Assessment Criteria and Aspects

Uncertainties in measurements and in calculations

· For all measured data, you need to report a level of uncertainty, as we discussed earlier.

· When calculations are made with the data that already has some uncertainty, we must report an error in your calculated result as well.

· To report your uncertainty on a graph, you must use Error Bars for at least one of the axes—most of the time it is perfectly acceptable to only put error bars for the value with the largest magnitude uncertainty (usually, but not always, the responding variable (Y-axis))

· Error bars show the absolute uncertainty for that measurement or calculated value as a “+/-“ range around the plotted data point:

image1.png

· For the graph above, there are error bars for both axes, but only the x-axis errors are large enough to really be concerned about…

· (note: the axis labels should include the uncertainty range along with the units, too)

· Do NOT connect the data points! You must use a best-fit line on all graphs!

· Error bars give you an acceptable range for your data. When you create a best-fit line for your graph, all data points SHOULD have the line at least pass through part of their error bar:

image2.png

· If a data point does NOT hit the line with its error bars, then there is some significant experimental error (more than likely a random error) that has occurred.

· Do NOT throw out that data point unless you have a substantial number of other data points to work with! You can keep the point, and be sure to talk about the random error that may have affected that piece of data when you complete your conclusion!!

Maximum and Minimum Slope: For ALL graphs, you are required to have both a minimum and a maximum slope determined for your data. (which means…all graphs must be created with appropriate x and y axes so that it is a truly linear fit).

· the easiest way to do this is to look at your first and your last data point, and do the following:

First, create a new data set—Rename this data set as “Maximum Slope”

· for Maximum Slope:

· First (lowest) Data point:

· SUBTRACT the uncertainty from the responding variable’s value (y)

· ADD the uncertainty to the Manipulated variable’s value (x)

· Last (highest) Data Point:

· ADD the uncertainty to the responding variable’s value

· SUBTRACT the uncertainty to the Manipulated variable’s value

· Plot a linear fit through those two new data points

Identify an organism that lives within 50 miles of your home.

Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper about how the organism has adapted to survive in their specific environment. Include the following points in your paper:

Briefly describe the environment (temperature, landscape, food sources, etc.) and describe the organism’s role in the environment. Determine which organism your chosen organism be most closely related to using a phylogenetic tree.
Identify the structures and functions of the main organs found in your selected organism.
Explain how the organism has evolved physiologically to become suited to its environment.
Explain how things would change if the organism were to be transplanted to a significantly different environment:
Would their organ system still be as efficient? Why or why not?
Would the organism survive in this new environment? Why or why not?
Include the diagram and other appropriate pictures in your paper and make sure to provide a full reference for the images in your reference section.

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines including references and in-text citations. Your paper should include a well written introduction and conclusion. Use only academic research sources.

There are 3 parts of this homework.

Please read the instructions for each part carefully, and read the attachment (For Part B, use the decision making model form attached to put the anwers.)

Read the Chapter 8 attached here before doing the homework.

PART A: attached is the WHAT WOULD YOU DO IF which has 5 open ended questions that is attached (above) .This chapter covers many issues that YOU will face in the future. So, I think you should answer these questions about your opinion and what you might do. LIST ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THIS BOX, then answer each as YOU think you would act. ONE paragraph on each. “WHat would you do i”is below.

PART B: Read case study below and complete the decision making model attached TO put yourself in her place.(USE THE DECISION MAKING MODEL ATTACHED TO INPUT THE ANSWER)

Case: Martha Lawrence was very nervous when she went to the human genetics unit at the hospital. Her doctor had referred her because she was unexpectedly pregnant at age 41 and she was at risk for having a child with Down syndrome. She was 18 weeks (4+ months) which would not leave much time for an abortion considering the results of the amniocentesis takes 2 weeks.

Mothers of this age group have a 20 times higher chance of having a baby with a chromosomal abnormality (one more, one less or other).

Ms. Lawrence has had two other pregnancies that were normal. Her other children are 13 and 17. The genetic counselor, Dr. Gould, suggested an amniocentesis (removal of fluid from around the fetus) to determine the karyotype of the fetus.

The test showed that the baby did not have an extra 21 chromosome and therefore did not have Downs. But the sex chromosomes showed an abnormal karyotype of XYY, Jacob’s syndrome. Review what you know about XYY syndrome.

PART C: read the Spotlight on Society on page 177 of Chapter 8, answer all the questions at the end and add this one: Do you think this could ever happen in the US?

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