Describe the differences in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in public health

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Prompt: To demonstrate your claim that your selected public health issue requires more research, you will conduct a literature review. You will critically examine five research articles from peer-reviewed academic journals and summarize your findings. Be sure to address the following:
● Describe the research designs employed in each study.

● Identify the research question in each study.

● What methods were used to collect and analyze data?

○ Please indicate if primary or secondary (or both) data sources were used in the study.

● What were the main findings in each of the studies?

● What are the strengths and weaknesses of the studies?

○ In this section you will want to evaluate the research design and the data collection and analysis methods employed by the researcher.

● How do these studies inform your public health issue and the need for further research?

Describe the differences in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in public health. Provide one example for each level of public health prevention. For each example provided, explain the relationship between the example provided and the level of prevention. Also discuss the benefits and the potential consequences at each level.
Support your statements with scholarly references and appropriate examples.

Evaluation Criteria:
• Described the differences in the levels of prevention.
• Provided an example of each level of prevention.
• Discussed the benefits and consequences of each level of prevention.
• Justified your answers with appropriate research and reasoning.
• Commented on the postings of at least two of your classmates

The principle states that children’s advocates must take action when the health and safety of children (and Mothers) are at risk. We as public health practitioners must take preventive action, to intervene, reduce these risks and get the public involved in decisions that support environmental health. Ehiri discusses the key components of this principle of action, in the chapter on Environment and GMCH.

Do a Site Visit to a location in your region, that provides a structured program (for example, a school program “The Walking Bus”) or provides clinical care, or takes action to create and plan policy and programs ( NGO’s, MPHI,DOT,MSU Extension Service, local legislators,Flint County Health or the State DEQ), that support safe environmental health for Children and Mothers. For example the Current Water Crises in Flint serves as a great example for you to review and critically assess.

Critically assess the programs’ ongoing goals and outcomes if appropriate. Record your observations and create a ‘plan of action’ (1 page written outline (plan of action) and 1.5 page summary,

How will you integrate knowledge from evidence-based practice in creating a holistic plan of care for patients with sexually transmitted diseases?

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Discuss the various types of sexually transmitted diseases. Your response should include the most common pathogens, typical signs and symptoms, and treatment.
• What are the potential sequels from these diseases?
• How will you integrate knowledge from evidence-based practice in creating a holistic plan of care for patients with sexually transmitted diseases?
Health Related Organizations

Instructions

1. Find information on the goals of the following health-related organizations.

a)The World Health Organization (WHO)

b)The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)

c)The Latin American and Caribbean Association of Public Health Education

d)The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, for its acronym in English)

f)Healthy People 2020

g)Redacts a summary of the functions of each of these health organizations.

h) Explain the importance of these health organizations to the health of the community.

Describe the strategic roles of your local and state health departments in the accomplishment of health care promotion and goals. Discuss the need for collaboration and partnerships with existing groups and why new groups are crucial to this process. How could nurses in public health assist clients to modify unhealthy behaviors and develop strategies to improve their health?

Step 1: Choose one Question from the four below, to Research & Respond to.

Step 2: Create a 100 word (min) discussion posting for your selected question. Include 1 APA cited resource.

•In what ways can public health support and advocate for programs and services for priority populations?
•What barriers are in place that we need to address in order to help priority populations access programs and services?
•In what ways can public health improve the environments where people live, work, learn and play so that there is greater access to opportunities for health?
•In what ways can public health improve the social and economic conditions that put individuals at greater risk of poor health?

Identify the major factors that have resulted in the shift in utilization from inpatient hospitalization to ambulatory care services

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In the last assignment, you selected a public health problem for which you will develop a PSA. For this assignment, you will examine your chosen PSA topic in more depth by researching the underlying social determinants of the public health problem you selected. You will also research the common measures of health used to research this problem. In this assignment, you will operationalize a particular instance of the concepts discussed in the readings.

Directions:
Use the readings for the module, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet to research common measures of health to complete the below assignment.

In 3 pages:

1. Identify and analyze the underlying determinants and contributing factors of the problem? Include your thoughts on factors such as social and political trends.
2. Determine what common measures of health can be used for your selected problem.
3. Determine the goals of your PSA.
4. Justify your reasoning with scholarly research.

Identify the major factors that have resulted in the shift in utilization from inpatient hospitalization to ambulatory care services. Describe the implications of this shift for hospitals, consumers, and the health care delivery system as a whole.
2. In what ways have private practice physicians responded to the expansion of hospital, health plans’ and other organization-sponsored ambulatory services? What are the implications of those responses for the patient, for the consumer, and for the health care industry as a whole?
3. Hospital emergency departments continue to be used as an ever more important source of primary medical care by large numbers of the community’s medically underserved population. What are the implications of this practice for the patients, and on health care costs and quality of care? What would you propose as a means to change this situation?
4. Almost two-thirds of all surgical procedures are now performed in ambulatory surgery facilities. Discuss the reasons for this shift of surgery from the inpatient setting and its effect on hospitals and consumers.
5. Some people support the role of public health departments in providing preventive and treatment services as necessary to fill gaps in the system for the medically needy. Others believe these services are more efficiently and effectively provided through private organizations. What is your position on this issue and why?

Under what circumstances is it most appropriate to conduct training exercises at regularly planned intervals?

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Superstorm Sandy and Hurricane Katrina raised many questions about the response of the Federal Government, and more specifically, the response of FEMA to natural disasters. FEMA was criticized for the delay in its response in parts of New York City mainly, the citizens of Long Island.
On the basis of you knowledge and understanding of the process of receiving State aid under FEMA and your knowledge about the conditions during Superstorm Sandy, answer the following questions:
• Do you think FEMA was ready for a disaster such as Superstorm Sandy?
• What were some of the challenges faced by FEMA with regard to its response to Superstorm Sandy?
• How do you feel about the evacuation efforts on the part of several hospitals in the wake of Hurricane Sandy?
• In the wake of Katrina, how did the relationship between the New Orleans Mayor and the Governor of Louisiana slow the flow of FEMA aid?
• Should politics play a role when there is a disaster looming?
• List the steps to create a process map showing the various steps required to receive FEMA assistance during an emergency and disaster management (EDM).
Individuals in the public health sector are often called upon to be the first responders within twenty-four hours of a bioterrorist attack. These first responders must take steps to remain safe while doing their jobs. One way to accomplish this is by using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). However, in some cases, the first responders may not have adequate training to use the PPE correctly. In other cases, the proper PPE may not be readily available in quantities that are required to protect all first responders. On the basis of your understanding of this topic, answer the following questions regarding the above scenario:
• What other issues that may occur when using PPE?
• What are your suggestions to overcome these issues to ensure that all first responders are safe when responding to a bioterrorist attack? How would you implement these suggestions?
Working with other agencies can often help to gather the manpower necessary to treat an influx of patients. In times of disaster, individuals from these agencies may need to act as traditional first responders. However, in case of an outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, these individuals may be hesitant to potentially put themselves in danger.
On the basis of your understanding of the topic, answer the following questions:
• What fears or reservations may these individuals from other agencies have about acting as traditional first responders?
• How would you eliminate these fears in an effort to obtain the man power necessary to treat the influx of patients? Provide suggestions. Be sure to justify your response with factual support.
• What would you do if you were unable to eliminate these fears?
The rest of the world has had numerous experiences in dealing with attacks involving chemical weapons. Since the United States has not had any significant experience with attacks involving chemical weapons, the experiences of Europe or Israel can be used as a guide for preparing the healthcare industry in the United States for such events.
Click here to read an article on terrorism attack in London: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4659093.stm
On the basis of your readings, answer the following questions:
• How can the events that occur in Europe and the other parts of the world assist us in securing our healthcare industry in the United States in preparing for attacks involving chemical weapons?
• In terms of the characteristics of each country such as the population and availability of resources, what are the similarities and dissimilarities between the United States and the United Kingdom? How will these similarities and dissimilarities affect the way the two countries plan for a disaster scenario?
The use of training exercises in preparing for disaster scenarios is an important component of any emergency preparedness plan. Training exercises may be conducted at regularly planned intervals, or they can be conducted at random and without warning. Answer the following questions regarding the training exercises for preparation for an emergency or disaster scenario:
• What are the advantages of conducting training exercises at regularly planned intervals? Why? What are the advantages of conducting training exercises at random and without warning? Why?
• Under what circumstances is it most appropriate to conduct training exercises at regularly planned intervals? Why?
• Under what circumstances is it most appropriate to conduct unannounced training exercises? Why?

Describe the population affected by the public health issue and the location of the population

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Overview: The methodology section of a research proposal is the study blueprint. The methodology section clearly outlines the systematic approach the researcher will take to answer the research question. In this section, you will provide the blueprint for your research proposal by addressing the key elements including the population, the study sample and sample size, the location of your study, the timeline for the study (consider factors such as finding a location, hiring staff, recruitment, data collection process, etc.), and the costs associated with the research. In addition, the methodology section describes and outlines any ethical issues that the researcher must consider such as the recruitment of minors, cultural issues, payment of incentives to study participants, confidentiality, anonymity, and invasive procedures.

Your research design will inform the type of data analysis you must conduct to answer your research question(s). If you have chosen to propose a study that is quantitative in nature, such as a case-control study, cross-sectional, survey methodology, focus groups, or experimental study, then you will use statistical data analysis to answer your research questions. However, you may have chosen to propose a qualitative study, such as grounded theory, narratives, ethnography, or case study, which will require you to answer your research question(s) using rich descriptions, formulating concepts, or synthesizing experiences. Regardless of the study design, all research will address validity, reliability, and generalizability. Choose a data analysis plan that is suitable to the type of data you will be collecting.

Prompt: For your methodology section, be sure to address the following:

• Describe the population affected by the public health issue and the location of the population.

• What is the sample size you will need to answer your research question? Include the formula to be used for the sample size calculation.

• Explain your rationale for the study sample selection. What type of sample is it? (Snowball, systematic, random, convenience, etc.?)

• What type of study will you conduct? Examples include case-control, cross-sectional, grounded theory, quasi-experimental, etc.

• Study logistics: Where is the location of your study? What is the timeline for your study? What are the projected costs associated with the study?

• Consider and describe the ethical implications of this study. In this section you will want to thoughtfully and thoroughly describe any known or potential issue that may have ethical implications.

• Explain how you will address ethical issues.

For your data analysis section, please submit a detailed outline describing your proposed data analyses process. The process must be specific to the research design you have chosen and demonstrate a direct link to answering the research question. Be sure to address the following:

• What methods will you use to collect the data? (If instruments such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or similar tools will be used to collect data, indicate if it is an existing instrument or a new one.)

• Assess and confirm that the data collection methods are appropriate for the research design.

• What approaches will you use to analyze the data? For quantitative study designs, indicate the statistics you will employ, such as frequencies or logistic or linear regression analyses, etc., to answer your research question(s). For qualitative research designs, describe the way you will present the data to answer your research question(s).

Is your research design valid, reliable and generalizable? Provide a complete answer that addresses each element.

Discuss managed care’s role in promoting health

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Create a PowerPoint presentation with the following 4 elements:
• Provide an overview—and discuss the function—of 1 publicly financed health care program in the United States.
• How has that program evolved and influenced the entire U.S. health care system?
• What are some of the accomplishments and challenges for that program?
• What does that program do to focus on health prevention and performance?
The PowerPoint presentation should be 15–20 slides in length (excluding title and reference slides). Include 100–200 words in each Notes section.
Note: Use APA style and a minimum of 3 scholarly references.
Assingment 2

Primary Task Response: Within the Discussion Board area, write 500–700 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
• Compare and contrast the ways that state and local governments can work with health care organizations to foster integration between primary care and public health.
• Additionally, discuss the importance of linking primary care and public health and some of the challenges in doing so.
Note: Use APA style and at least 2 scholarly references.
Responses to Other Students: Respond to at least 2 of your fellow classmates with at least a 100-word reply about their Primary Task Response regarding items you found to be compelling and enlightening. To help you with your discussion, please consider the following questions:
• What did you learn from your classmate’s posting?
• What additional questions do you have after reading the posting?
• What clarification do you need regarding the posting?
• What differences or similarities do you see between your posting and other classmates’ postings?
For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, Web resources, and all course materials.

Assignment 3
5 pages – apa format with references
Write a paper that includes the following elements:
• Provide a thorough analysis of managed care, and discuss how it, as a delivery method, has facilitated the transfer of health services to outpatient and other nontraditional settings of care.
• Discuss the impact managed care has on the access, financing, and delivery of health care in the United States.
• Discuss managed care’s role in promoting health.

Are the risk ratios for asthma and wheezing higher for children under the age of 10 than they are for the survey population as a whole?

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In Week 4, you will continue to assume the role of the public health informatician and use your pre-intervention asthma surveillance data set from the CDC to calculate risk/odds ratios and prevalence/incidence rates. Review the data set from a population perspective and calculate various population ratios and rates for the asthma data in your Excel spreadsheet. You will then answer the following questions in a short application paper of 3–4-pages, explaining your results. You may refer to the suggested readings for this week.
Ratios and Rate Questions

[Note: School populations: Asthma elementary student count in this study is 800 for this school year. School’s population (A + B + C + D) = 7,200 students for this school year.]
• Does one school have a higher number of students with asthma?
• Which school has the highest number of students with wheezing?
• How many students had both asthma and wheezing?
• If you have asthma, what are the odds that you also have wheezing?
• Is the odds ratio for bronchitis and RAD lower or higher than asthma and wheezing?
• How many children with wheezing were prescribed medication? From those results, what is the risk ratio?
• Is the risk ratio for being prescribed medication for asthma higher or lower than being prescribed medication for wheezing?
• Are the risk ratios for asthma and wheezing higher for children under the age of 10 than they are for the survey population as a whole?
• What is the student asthma prevalence for the school district, i.e., A, B, C, D based on total student population as shown above?
• What is the student asthma incident rate for the school district, i.e., A, B, C, D based on total student population as shown above?

Examine and research 1 chronic disease (e.g., heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, obesity) and write a paper that discusses the following:
• A comparison of 2 health care policies that are in place (either at the state or federal level) that address the disease
• The impact the disease has had on the U.S. population and health care system as a whole
• Strategies that are in place to educate and promote prevention of the disease through public health at the federal and state levels
• Any challenges and progress to date that has been made in preventing and reducing health risks associated with the disease
• 2–3 strategies that may increase awareness, education, and prevention of that disease

How can greater emphasis on public safety might reduce the risk for various groups of the population

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Prepare a 15- to 20-slide presentation. Make sure your presentation includes audio and either speaker notes, a video capture of yourself delivering the presentation, or full video (see example listed below). The presentation should be between 8 to 10 minutes long.

This windshield survey is a tool used by public health nurses to obtain basic knowledge about a given community.
This survey can be conducted by traveling by car, walking, or taking public transportation to gather information on the health of a community and the members of that community. When conducting this survey, make sure to include all community participants, schools, police, fire, hospitals, clinics, etc. Also, please make sure to download and share your completed presentation with an identified entity in the surveyed community who might be interested in your findings.
For an example project, watch the Community Assessment Windshield Survey video at this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGXMoQjXbUk

Cultural competence is an important aspect of public health as well as the public health response in disasters and emergencies. After completing the *Disaster in Franklin County simulation (see below) and reviewing the Cultural and linguistic competency in disaster preparedness and response fact sheet (background reading), please address the following:
Why is cultural competence important in public health efforts in emergency response? Be sure to cite reliable and scholarly sources (peer-reviewed articles) to support your response.

Deliverable Length: 3 paragraphs
Examples of some of the leading causes of death in the U.S. include cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and suicide. Individual behavior, in addition to genetic or environmental factors, may increase risk factors for various groups in the population. Select one of these leading causes of death and discuss your thoughts on the following:
1. How greater emphasis on public safety might reduce the risk for various groups of the population,
2. Ideas on how to increase public awareness about ways to help reduce risks, and

3. The role of public health policies in supporting community health.

What laws allow for domestic deployment?

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Facilitating an Integrated Response to Public Health Needs in an Emergency

Case Assignment

The military has been activated on several occasions to assist with the public health response in disaster relief efforts. After reviewing the background readings, answer the following questions.

Who requests the deployment of troops in a domestic disaster? (Hint – this can happen at the state or federal level.)
What laws allow for domestic deployment? Specify who can use these laws to deploy troops.
Who is in command of the military in a domestic emergency (keeping in mind the difference between the National Guard and active duty military)?
What are some challenges that exist for emergency management and public health entities with the deployment of troops for a domestic emergency and what are some solutions to these?

write an essay (suggested length of 3–4 pages) in which you do the following:?
A. Explain the role of the major public health personnel, including the public health nurse, involved in the disaster.

B. Describe the chain of command that was used in the simulation for the community health nurse.

C. Discuss the resources available to the community health nurse to deal with situations outside the nurse’s scope of practice.

D. Describe actions taken by the community health nurse when encountered with possible emergency situations during the door-to-door interviews.

E. Describe actions taken by the community health nurse to help the people who were interviewed cope with the situations after the flooding.
1. Discuss techniques that were used or could have been used to calm the fears of the people interviewed.

F. Discuss how other nursing personnel could be prepared to help in responding to a similar emergency with a much larger affected area (e.g., the effect of Hurricane Katrina).

Using the Web Resources provided this week*, identify a current epidemiological concern either at the local, national, or global level. Address the following questions:

• What is the epidemiological concern?
• What population is it affecting?
• What potential population may be affected if this concern is not addressed?
• What are the risk factors associated with the epidemiological concern?
• What public health recommendation can you make to alleviate your identified epidemiological concern?

What policy advice would you give the Minister about developing a more efficient process for approving the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes?

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This document needs to be presented in the form of a Ministerial briefing note, addressed to the relevant Minister. The briefing should be presented from you in your ‘role’ as an official in the relevant government department, and should include the following:
• Appropriate heading: state you designation in the department; the relevant Minister for whom the note is intended; the subject of the note
• Purpose: succinct statement of the purpose of the briefing note
• Background: brief description of the context and history of the policy topic
• Issues: identify the main issues pertinent to understanding the policy topic. The issues should be analysed from multiple perspectives (e.g. historical, financial, economic, political, social and ethical)
• Options: identify and assess alternative policy options
• Recommendations: based on the above analysis, advise the Minister on the most suitable course of action to be taken.

Topics:
Please select one of the following policy issues / questions to be addressed in the Ministerial briefing note.
1. The Federal Government of Australia last year legalised medicinal cannabis use and states regulate its cultivation, with Victoria having already harvested its first cannabis crop for medicinal use. Doctors who want to prescribe cannabis will need special permission. Currently they are doing it on a patient-by-patient basis. The entire practice involves a long process of approvals. Because of this, some patients need to wait months before they actually receive their treatments. This stringent process is put in place to ensure that this highly addictive crops are not unduly used. What policy advice would you give the Minister about developing a more efficient process for approving the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes?

2. The recently released Closing the Gap annual report on the quality of life of Indigenous Australians revealed improvements in some but not all health indicators. What policy advice would you give the Minister in relation to priorities for action to close the life expectancy gap for Indigenous Australians?

3. Levels of risky alcohol use across Australia have shown little improvement across the past decade with around 1 in 10 Australians putting their long-term health at risk through excessive drinking. There is a causal relationship between the affordability of alcohol and alcohol consumption, including strong correlations between price and overall consumption, heavy or problem drinking and harms to both drinkers and others. It is argued that increasing the price of alcohol reduces the amount of alcohol consumed at a population level over time. There are counter arguments as well. One such argument is that the drinkers will still find a way to consume and this may lead to increased crime or less consumption of other goods (including merit goods perhaps) in order to pay for it. What policy advice would you give the Minister in relation to the use of pricing as an effective mechanism to reduce the level of alcohol consumption?

4. One of the greatest public health challenges confronting Australia and many other industrialised countries is the obesity epidemic. The food people consume is a major factor in obesity. It needs to be easier for people to make healthier choices about what they eat. More than a year ago the federal government introduced the health star rating system after a series of discussion with the major stakeholders. However, this rating system is voluntary for industry to implement. It is argued that as it is voluntary, food manufacturers can decide whether a product will display health stars or not. What policy advice would you give the Minister in relation to a voluntary food rating system?

5. Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants. Exclusive breastfeeding reduces infant mortality due to common childhood illnesses such as diarrhoea and pneumonia, and helps for a quicker recovery during illness. However, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding continues to be sub-optimal in many developing countries. Considering a developing country context advise the Minister for Health of that country as to how exclusive breastfeeding could be increased substantially.